NAICS Codes: 334413, 423720, 38220 SIC Codes: 3674, 5074, 1711
by Jason Kumar
Solar energy is rapidly increasing in popularity. Businesses in industries from homes to vehicles – even purses – are looking to harness the power of the sun to decrease dependency on fossil fuels and decrease pollution. With climate change and pollution becoming a greater concern and oil prices becoming increasingly volatile, solar energy acts as a promising alternative that is both clean and renewable.
Although the use of solar energy, or photovolataics, is not as widespread in the U.S. as it is in Europe, the industry is undoubtedly growing1 The U.S. has currently moved up the ranks to the third biggest market for solar panels in the world trailing behind only Japan and Germany.2 In 2007 alone, photovoltaic equipment installations grew by 48%.
Solar energy is not a remedy for all our energy woes. The main drawback is cost. Solar energy costs anywhere from two to five times more than the typical electricity price.3 A photovoltaic system for a home can cost between $20,000 to $35,000.4 But advances in technology can make photovoltaic equipment and solar energy more affordable – even cheaper than electricity produced from coal.5 Furthermore, federal and state governments provide numerous incentives for home and business owners who choose to install renewable energy equipment.6
Industry Overview
Mounting concerns over energy prices, climate change, and national security have sent consumers, businesses and the government in search for a viable alternative to fossil fuels. Despite the high initial costs, consumers are eager to take advantage of government incentives and save money in the future by investing in photovoltaic systems. Businesses, both large and small, are eager to grab a portion of the market share and profits for this industry. The US government is determined to decrease and eventually eliminate our dependency on foreign oil.
Solar energy refers to the conversion of solar radiation into electricity. The majority of solar systems use photovoltaic hardware. This technology utilizes a semiconductor, usually silicon, to generate a direct current from solar radiation. A common misconception is that on cloudy days solar panels will not work; however, a slightly cloudy day can actually yield even more energy than a cloudless one. There are two types of photovoltaic systems: grid-tied and off-grid. Off-grid systems use batteries to store electricity created. This type of system especially benefits rural areas and developing countries where initial capital costs present an obstacle for distributing electricity to isolated populations. Grid-connected systems are permanently connected to the electrical grid and can “feed” or sell excess electricity back to the network. Grid-connected systems are currently the largest market segment and are fueling market growth for the solar energy industry. They represent approximately 90% of all photovoltaic energy systems.
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the U.S. has some of the best resources to sustain solar energy in the world.8 By the end of 2007, the U.S. had generated approximately 3,400 megawatts of solar electricity: 750 megawatts from photovoltaic systems, 418 megawatts of utility-scale energy, and 2,250 megawatts of solar systems. The U.S. now ranks third in the world for photovoltaic energy capacity with 750 megawatts, fourth for new capacity additions with 190 megawatts and fifth for manufacturing with 266 megawatts.
Federal and state government incentives for renewable energy have been crucial in spurring the growth of the solar energy industry.10 Photovoltaic systems are costly, running anywhere from $16,000 to $45,000 for a residential application.11 Government tax cuts and rebates for those who install solar panels and other renewable energy equipment eases that cost barrier. 12 The U.S. Department of Energy’s Solar Energy Technology Program, headed by John Lushetsky, has a bold initiative: to increase solar electricity generation capacity from one gigawatt per year to at least 170 gigawatts per year by 2030.13 This amounts to a 26% growth rate over the next twenty years, creating much opportunity for manufacturers, suppliers and contractors in this industry.
Industry Trends
Photovoltaic installations grew by 48% in 2007 while manufacturing grew by 74%.8 According to BCC Research, the global market will grow from $13 billion in 2007 to $32 billion in 2012. Similar projections done by RBC Capital Markets have demand growing by 40% by 2011.14 By 2010, solar cell manufacturing is expected to be a $25 billion-plus industry.15
Residential photovoltaic installations account for over one-third of all grid-connected systems. In 2007 alone, 13,000 grid-connected systems where installed, 84% of which were residential applications; however, strong growth is expected in non-residential or commercial installations due to more generous tax credits and rebates.16The solar energy industry has the potential to create billions of dollars of income and investment to the U.S. economy. In addition, with legislation and incentives to stimulate demand in place, the solar energy industry can add as many as 62,000 new jobs by 2015.
Cost represents the greatest hurdle for the solar power industry. Solar energy can cost four times as much as coal and double what wind power costs.17 In order to be competitive with conventional energy, the total cost of energy in price per watt must come down to around $2 per watt. The good news is that solar energy prices have fallen significantly and steadily over the past twenty years on average 3.5% per year.18 This decrease in price can be attributed to the increased efficiency of solar cells, improved manufacturing techniques and technology and mass production.19
New technology to decrease the cost of solar energy is constantly being developed and improved; some has already hit the market. A Silicon Valley based company named Nanosolar has developed a new and innovative manufacturing technique. Nanosolar “prints” photovoltaic material on aluminum backing, resembling a large printing press rather than typical semiconductor manufacturing, allowing for easier handling, shipping, high volume production, and recyclability. The company claims that their manufacturing process can reduce the price of solar panels to the $1 per watt range, making $2 per watt solar energy a reality.21 Another photovoltaic manufacturing company, First Solar Inc., has announced that their company’s “thin-film” photovoltaic panels can be produced for $1 per watt, one-third less than the typical silicon solar panel. 22
Conclusion
The future is bright for the solar energy and photovoltaic industry despite the harsh economic climate. The allure is understandable: unlimited, clean and renewable energy that is on track to be cost competitive with conventional energy. Demand for solar energy is trending upward, prices are trending downward and government and big business have boarded the bandwagon. However, what was perceived to be a “bulletproof” industry has recently shown itself to be vulnerable to recession. As a result of the tightening of the credit market, many green energy companies have found themselves scaling back production and cutting jobs. Banks are simply less willing to finance the installation of alternative energy equipment. Nevertheless, the industry remains confident about the long term outlook as the Obama administration remains determined to achieve its green energy goals.
Sources
1 “Europe’s Way of Encouraging Solar Power Arrives in the U.S.”
2 “Country Comparisons”
3 “Solar Energy Costs/Prices”
4 “Making Solar Cheaper Than Coal”
5 “Nanosolar Powersheet: the New Dawn of Solar”
6 “Congress Passes the Most Powerful Solar Legislation in History”
7 “Solar Generation V – 2008”
8 “US Solar Industry Year In Review 2007”
9 “About Solar Energy – Industry Data”
10 “STUDY: Cost Decreases in PV Installations Linked to State Incentive Programs”
11 “How Much Do Solar Panels Cost?”
https://www.costhelper.com/cost/home-garden/solar-panels.html
12 “Solar Power Rebate Program Is a ‘Victim’ of Its Own Success”
13 “Unprecedented Growth Seen for Solar Energy”
14 “Photovoltaic Systems.” Encyclopedia of Emerging Industries. Online Edition. Gale, 2009. Reproduced in Business and Company Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich. Gale Group, 2009. Business and Company Resource Center. University of Texas at San Antonio, John Peace Library. San Antonio, TX. 17 Mar 2009.
15 “New Low Cost Solar Panels Ready for Mass Production”
16 “U.S. Solar Market Trends 2007”
17 Solar Energy
18 “Cost Of Installed Solar Photovoltaic Systems Drops Significantly Over the Last Decade”
19 Solar Energy Growth
20 “Start-Up Sells Solar Panels at Lower-Than-Usual Cost”
21 Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Manufacturing Activities
22 “Solar Panel Drops to $1 per Watt: Is this a Milestone or the Bottom for Silicon-Based Panels?”
23 “Dark Days for Green Energy”
Links of Interest
Solar Energy Industry Association
https://www.seia.org/
Solar Electric Power Association
Interstate Renewable Energy Council
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Federal Incentives Summary
Incentives by State
Installed Costs of Photovoltaics
New York Times Solar Energy Webpage
USDOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Solar Energy Technologies Program
Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Manufacturing Activities
Photo by MICHAEL WILSON on Unsplash
